References

I

Abbott JH, McCane B, Herbison P, Moginie G, Chapple C, Hogarty T. Lumbar segmental instability: a criterion-related validity study of manual therapy assessment. BMC Musculoskelet.Disord. 2005;6:56.

Aebi M. Review: The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(10):925-48.

Aertgeerts B, Ammendolia C, Bouter LM, Devillé W, Deyo RA, Laslett M et al. Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(2):CD007431.

Aggouris C, Drakoutos E, Grivas TB, Kaspiris A, Patias P. A review of the trunk surface metrics used as Scoliosis and other deformities evaluation indices. Scoliosis. 2010;5:12

Albert TJ, White AP. Evidence-based treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Seminars in Spine Surgery. 2009; 21(4): 230-237.

Alqarni AM, Schneiders AG, Hendrick PA. Clinical tests to diagnose lumbar segmental instability: a systematic review. J.Orthop.Sports Phys.Ther. 2011;41(3):130-140.

Apeldoorn AT, Ostelo RW, Fritz JM, van der Ploeg T, van Tulder MW, de Vet HC. The cross-sectional construct validity of the Waddell score. Clin.J.Pain 2012;28(4):309-317.

Amundsen T, Weber H, Lilleås F, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical and radiologic features. Spine 1995;20:1178–86.

Asher M, Butron D. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects. Scoliosis. 2006;10.1186:1748-7161.

Asher M, Burton D, Manna B, Min Lai S. Discrimination validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire: relationship to idiopathic scoliosis curve pattern and curve size. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(1):74-8.

Asher M, Burton D, Manna B, Min Lai S. The reliability and concurrent validity of the scoliosis research society-22 patient questionnaire for idiopathic scoliosis.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(1):63-9.

Baisden J, Bono CM, Ghiselli G, Gilbert TJ, Heggeness MH, Kreiner S, et al. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. The Spine Journal. 2008;8(2):305-310.

Bago J, Climent JM, Gilperez C, Pineda S. Validity of the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale to measure subjective perception of spine deformity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2006;1:18.

Battié MC, Parent E, Videman T. Lumbar disc degeneration: epidemiology and genetic influences.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Dec 1;29(23):2679-90.

Balague F, Mannion AF, Pellise F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 2012;379(9814):482-491.

BARR JS. Low-back and sciatic pain; results of treatment. J.Bone Joint Surg.Am. 1951;33-A(3):633-649.

Bayley J, Chang LC, Dalgas M, Fossel AH, Katz JN, Katz N, et al.Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis diagnostic value of the history and physical examination. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1995; 38(9): 1236-1241.

Beazell JR, Mullins M, Grindstaff TL. Lumbar instability: an evolving and challenging concept. J.Man.Manip Ther. 2010;18(1):9-14.

Beurskens AJ, de Vet HC, Koke AJ, van der Heijden GJ, Knipschild PG. Measuring the functional status of patients with low back pain. Assessment of the quality of four disease-specific questionnaires. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 1995;20(9):1017-1028.

Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Deville WL, Dzaferagic A, van der Windt DA. The test of Lasègue: systematic review of the accuracy in diagnosing herniated discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(9):1140-7.

Bierma-Zeinstra S, de Graaf I, Koes B, Peul W, Prak A, Thomas S. Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review of the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Spine. 2006; 31(10): 1168-76.

Bruno P. The importance of diagnostic test parameters in the interpretation of clinical test findings: The Prone Hip Extension Test as an example. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2011;55(2):69-75.

Bogduk N, Hadjipavlou AG, Tzermiadianos MN, Zindrick MR. The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Oct;90(10):1261-70.

Bryce DA, Datta S, Falco FJ, Hayek SM, Lee M. Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009;12:437-460

Calmels P, Bethoux F, Condemine A, Fayolle-Minon I. Low back pain disability assessment tools. Ann.Readapt.Med.Phys. 2005;48(6):288-297.

Campos M, Molina M, Wagner P. Spinal stenosis. An update. Rev Méd Chile. 2011;139(11):1488-1495.

Carleton RN, Kachur SS, Abrams MP, Asmundson GJ. Waddell’s symptoms as indicators of psychological distress, perceived disability, and treatment outcome. J.Occup.Rehabil. 2009;19(1):41-48.

Casey D, Chou R,  Cross TJ, Owens DK, Qaseem A, Shekelle P et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians and the american pain society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:478-491.

Cassar-Pullicino VN, Eisenstein SM. Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 2002;57:543.

Cole AA, Lee SW, Sharma H. The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Bone Joint Surg Br.2012;94(11):1442-7.

Cole R, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ, Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L et al. Spinal stenosis prevalence and association with symptoms: the Framingham Study. The Spine Journal. 2009; 9(7): 545-550.

Davarian S, Maroufi N, Ebrahimi I, Farahmand F, Parnianpour M. Trunk muscles strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients with and without clinical instability. J.Back Musculoskelet.Rehabil. 2012;25(2):123-129.

Davidson M, Keating JL. A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: reliability and responsiveness. Phys.Ther. 2002;82(1):8-24.

Delitto A, Denninger TR, George SZ, Godges JJ, Shekelle P, Sowa G et al. Low back pain. JOSPT. 2012;42(4): A1-57.

Delitto A, Erhard RE, Fritz JM, Welch WC. Lumbar spinal stenosis:a review of current concepts in evaluation, management, and outcome measurements. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:700-708.

Derghazarian T, Simmonds MJ. Management of low back pain by physical therapists in quebec: how are we doing? Physiother.Can. 2011;63(4):464-473.

Drapé JL, Fermanian J, Foltz V, Lefèvre-Colau MM, Mayoux-Benhamou MA, Poiraudeau S et al. Value of the bell test and the hyperextension test for diagnosis in sciatica associated with disc herniation: comparison with Lasègue’s sign and the crossed Lasègue’s sign. Rheumatology (Oxford).2001 Apr;40(4):460-6.

Duong S, Finlayson RJ, Tran de QH. Lumbar spinal stenosis: a brief review of the nonsurgical management. Can J Anaesth. 2012; 57(7): 694-703.

Dupuis PR, Yong-Hing K, Cassidy JD, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Radiologic diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spinal instability. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 1985;10(3):262-276.

Dyck R. The Stoop-test in lumbar entrapment radiculopathy.Spine. 1979;4:89-92.

Dyck R, Doyle JB. Bicycle test of van Gelderen in diagnosis of intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. J Neurosurg 1977;46:667-70.

Eck JC, Humphreys SC. Clinical evaluation and treatment options for herniated lumbar disc. Am Fam Physician. 19991;59(3):575-82, 587-8.

Engers AJ, Jellema P, Wensing M, van der Windt DAWM, Grol R, van Tulder MW. Individual patient education for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004057. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004057.pub3.

Eurospine. Idiopathic scoliosis [online]. Zürich: The Spine Society of Europe; last update 12.05.2008; cited 20.11.2012]. URL: http://www.eurospine.org/p31000269.html

Fairbairn K, May K, Yang Y, Balasundar S, Hefford C, Abbott JH. Mapping Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) items to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Phys.Ther. 2012;92(2):310-317.

Fishbain DA, Cole B, Cutler RB, Lewis J, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. A structured evidence-based review on the meaning of nonorganic physical signs: Waddell signs. Pain Med. 2003;4(2):141-181.

Fritz JM, Erhard RE, Delitto A, et al. Preliminary results of the use of a two-stage treadmill test as a clinical diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10:410–416.

Fritz JM, Piva SR, Childs JD. Accuracy of the clinical examination to predict radiographic instability of the lumbar spine. Eur.Spine J. 2005;14(8):743-750.

Foster MR. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus [online]. New York: Medscape; [last update Nov. 03, 2011; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1263961-overview

Gilles LG. 100 challenging spinal pain syndrome cases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited; 2009.

Greer S, Mackler L. What physical exam techniques are useful to detect malingering? JFPOnline 2005. Aug 54:8 719-722.

Grivas TB, Hawes MC, Kotwicki T, Maruyama T, Negrini S, Rigo M et al. Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment – SOSORT consensus paper 2005. Scoliosis. 2006; 1: 6

Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM.Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 May 15;35(11):E488-504.

Harms J. Definition, epidemiology, symptoms scoliosis deformities [online]. Karlsbad: Spine surgery information portal; c2007 [cited 2012 November 11]. 

Hart DL, Werneke MW, Deutscher D, George SZ, Stratford PW, Mioduski JE. Using intake and change in multiple psychosocial measures to predict functional status outcomes in people with lumbar spine syndromes: a preliminary analysis. Phys.Ther. 2011;91(12):1812-1825.

Hayden J, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000335. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2.

Heneweer H, Aufdemkampe G, van Tulder MW, Kiers H, Stappaerts KH, Vanhees L .Psychosocial variables in patients with (sub)acute low back pain: an inception cohort in primary care physical therapy in The Netherlands. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 2007;32(5):586-592.

Horn KK, Jennings S, Richardson G, Vliet DV, Hefford C, Abbott JH. The patient-specific functional scale: psychometrics, clinimetrics, and application as a clinical outcome measure. J.Orthop.Sports Phys.Ther. 2012;42(1):30-42.

Hsiang JK. Spinal stenosis [online]. New York: Medscape [last update Jul. 10, 2012; cited 2012 November]. URL:  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1913265-overview

Inscoe E.L, Witt P.L, Gross M.T, Mitchell R.U. Reliability in evaluating passive intervertebral motion of the lumbar spine. J. Man. Manip. Ther. 3:135-143. 1995

Iversen MD, Katz JN. Examination findings and self-reported walking capacity in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Phys.Ther. 2001;81:1296–1306.

Jackson MA, Simpson KH. Chronic low back pain. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2006;6(4):152-155.

Kapur S, Mutagi H, Rea W. Intervertebral disc as a source of pain [online]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; c 2012 [last update 2012.11.14; cited 2012.11.20]. URL:http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/05/23/bjaceaccp.mks028.extract

Kasai Y, Morishita K, Kawakita E, Kondo T, Uchida A. A new evaluation method for lumbar spinal instability: passive lumbar extension test. Phys.Ther. 2006;86(12):1661-1667.

Karjalainen KA, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes BW. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low-back pain among working age adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002193. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002193.

Kester AD, Knotternerus JA, de Krom MC, Vroomen PC, Wilmink JT. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2002;72:630–634.

Kerr RSC, Cadoux-Hudson TA, Adams CBT. The value of accurate clinical assessment in the surgical management of the lumbar disc protrusion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:169–73.

Kleinberg S. The operative treatment of scoliosis. Arch Surg. 1922;5(3):631-645.

4DSQ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/6/34

Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG, Rodgers MM, Romani WA. Muscles testing and function with posture and pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, Macedo LG, McAuley J, Maher C. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur.Spine J. 2010;19(12):2075-2094.

Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Thomas S. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ 2006;332(7555):1430-1434.

Kong MH, Morishita Y, He W, Miyazaki M, Zhang H, Wu G, et al. Lumbar segmental mobility according to the grade of the disc, the facet joint, the muscle, and the ligament pathology by using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 2009;34(23):2537-2544.

Krismer M, Haid C, Ogon M, Behensky H, Wimmer C. Biomechanics of lumbar instability. Orthopade 1997;26(6):516-520.

Langerak W, Langeland W, van Balkom A, Draisma S, Terluin B, Draijer N. A validation study of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) in insurance medicine. Work 2012;43(3):369-380.

Last AR, Hulbert K. Chronic low back pain: evaluation and management. Am.Fam.Physician 2009;79(12):1067-1074.

Lechner DE, Bradbury SF, Bradley LA. Detecting sincerity of effort: a summary of methods and approaches. Phys.Ther. 1998;78(8):867-888.

Magee DJ. Orthopedic physical assessment. 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.

Majlesi J, Togay H, Toprak S, Unalan H. The sensitivity and specificity of the Slump and the Straight Leg Raising tests in patients with lumbar disc herniation.J Clin Rheumatol. 2008;14(2):87-91.

Manniche C, Jordan A. Re: Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration. Spine 2003;28:1978-92. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 2004;29(21):2474.

Mark RF. Herniated nucleus pulposus [online]. New York: Medscape; [last update Jul. 12, 2012; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1263961-overview#aw2aab6b5

Maughan EF, Lewis JS. Outcome measures in chronic low back pain. Eur.Spine J. 2010;19(9):1484-1494.

Miller  NH.  Cause and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am.1999;30:343–52.

Milette PC. Classification, diagnostic imaging, and imaging characterization of a lumbar herniated disk. Radiol Clin North Am. 2000;38(6):1267-92.

Monticone M, Baiardi P, Vanti C, Ferrari S, Pillastrini P, Mugnai R, et al. Responsiveness of the Oswestry Disability Index and the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire in Italian subjects with sub-acute and chronic low back pain. Eur.Spine J. 2012;21(1):122-129.

Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation: muscle imbalance and the low back. Physiotherapy. 1995;81(3):127-38.

North American Spine Society (NASS). Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Burr Ridge (IL): North American Spine Society (NASS); 2011. 104 p.

Oliveira JT. Behavioral aspects of chronic pain syndromes. Arq.Neuropsiquiatr. 2000;58(2A):360-365.

Page P. Sensorimotor training: A ‘‘global’’ approach for balance training. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2006;10:77–84.

Page P, Frank C. The Janda approach to chronic musculoskeletal pain. The Hygenic Corporation. 2002:1-9

Page P, Frank CC, Lardner R. Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda approach. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1967.

Panjabi MM. The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. J.Spinal Disord. 1992;5(4):383-9; discussion 397.

Patel AT, Ogle AA. Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain. Am.Fam.Physician 2000;61(6):1779-86, 1789-90.

Patel RK. Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease [online]. New York: Medscape; [last update Nov. 13, 2012; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309767-clinical

Pillastrini P, Gardenghi I, Bonetti F, Capra F, Guccione A, Mugnai R, et al. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for chronic low back pain management in primary care. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79(2):176-185.

Pincus T, Vogel S, Burton AK, Santos R, Field AP. Fear avoidance and prognosis in back pain: a systematic review and synthesis of current evidence. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(12):3999-4010.

Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 2002;27(5):E109-20.

Pope MH, Panjabi M. Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 1985;10(3):255-256.

Reamy BV, Slakey JB. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review and current concepts. Am Fam Physician. 2001;64(1):111-117.

Roach  JW. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am.1999;30:353–65

Royal Dutch society for physical therapy. National practice guidelines for physical therapy in patients with low back pain. Royal Dutch society for physical therapy, 2003.

Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain: an update of a Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 2011;36(13):E825-46.

Saddik AH. Nerve entrapment syndromes [online]. New York: Medscape; [last update Jan. 13, 2012; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249784-overview#a0112

Sahrakar K. Lumbar disc disease [online]. New York: Medscape; [last update Nov. 03, 2011; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249113-overview#a0199

Scalzitti DA. Screening for psychological factors in patients with low back problems: Waddell’s nonorganic signs. Phys.Ther. 1997;77(3):306-312.

Schuenke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U. Atlas of anatomy: General anatomy and musculoskeletal system. 6th ed. New York: Thieme; 2006.

Terluin B, van Marwijk HW, Ader HJ, de Vet HC, Penninx BW, Hermens ML, et al. The Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ): a validation study of a multidimensional self-report questionnaire to assess distress, depression, anxiety and somatization. BMC Psychiatry 2006;6:34. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Lumbar spinal stenosis [online]. Illinois: AAOS; [last update May 2009; cited 2012 Nov. 20]. URL: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00329

Thomas SA. Spinal stenosis: history and physical examination. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N AM. 2003;14:29-39.

van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2003;(2)(2):CD004252.

Turner JA, Ersek M, Henon L, Deyo R. Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis.Spine1992;17: 1-8.

Twomey LT, Taylor JR. Physical therapy of the low back. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone; 1994.

Waddell G, McCulloch JA, Kummel E, Venner RM. Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa.1976) 1980;5(2):117-125.

Waddell G, Waddel H. Social influences on neck and low back pain. In: Nachemson AN, Jonsson E, editors. Neck and back pain: the scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis and treatment. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.

Waddell G, The Back Pain Revolution. New York, Churchill Livingstone. 2004, 2nd ed.

Weiss HR. Physical therapy intervention studies on idiopathic scoliosis-review with the focus on inclusion criteria. Scoliosis.2012;7:4.